Reinforcement-Driven Spread of Innovations and Fads

We propose kinetic models for the spread of permanent innovations and transient fads by the mechanism of social reinforcement. Each individual can be in one of M + 1 states of awareness 0, 1, 2, . . . ,M , with state M corresponding to adopting an innovation. An individual with awareness k < M increases to k+1 by interacting with an adopter. Starting with a single adopter, the time for an initially unaware population of size N to adopt a permanent innovation grows as lnN for M = 1, and as N for M > 1. The fraction of the population that remains clueless about a transient fad after it has come and gone changes discontinuously as a function of the fad abandonment rate λ for M > 1. The fad dies out completely in a time that varies non-monotonically with λ.